这篇影评可能有剧透 “记忆手术”删除的不是记忆，而是删除这段记忆之中的情感依托，让参与者变成旁观者，切断情感联系，它的作用是修复情感创伤。 两起命案：1） 警官沈汉强儿时，母亲经常被父亲家暴，有次母亲洗澡，让儿子拿止痛药，儿子搬板凳拿药时换成了安眠药，结果母亲吃药后溺亡在浴缸里。...  (展开)

这篇剧评可能有剧透 这两个月貌似除了权游之外，也没什么好看的美剧，闲来无事之余，追了一部德州午夜。刚开始还行，有点悬疑，地狱之门马上就要打开了，这世界马上大乱，主角通灵大师率领各种人物去迎接战争。卧槽，这估计后面要来大场面啊，对于我这样无脑追《邪恶力量》十三季，《格林》六季，...  (展开)

北京等四家卫视同时播出的《战雷》，是导演徐纪周在《永不磨灭的番号》之后的又一次强调出击，这一次他将目光瞄向拆弹部队这一特殊的军队群体，在和平年代里感受战争的残酷。其实军旅生活一直是徐纪周的主打招牌，从《杀虎口》到《永不磨灭的番号》，每一部都给人留下了深刻的印象，这次将目光投向排雷可以说从原来大众化的军事题材走向非常小众的群体，对于观众来说也具有难得的新鲜感。在当下战争题材一片抗日打鬼子的声音中，可谓是另辟蹊径、独树一帜，在挑战观众审美经验的同时，也承担着题材创新带来的自然风险。

与题材的创新相呼应，《战雷》在叙述上也有很大的革新。同以往此类剧作的叙述相比，《战雷》借鉴美剧的经验，采取多线叙事。在整个故事中，高等（张博）、林峰（邢佳栋）、姜锦（姚芊羽）、苏荷（徐以若）甚至整个新兵连里的每个战友，各自有各自的故事，各自有各自的生存方式。他们之间的交汇是一种纯自然的集合，其中并没有人为化的设计。即使高等作为故事的主要表现对象，但却并没有让别的角色围绕着他来转，人物之间是一种平等的关系，各自在各自的位置上演绎自己的真实人生。这样整部剧作就不是追求简单直接的收视快感，而是在给观众以视觉新奇感的同时力图突破传统军旅题材的创作模式与叙事手法，从而拓宽作品的思路。

在这样一部具有挑战性的作品里担任男主角，对于张博来说既是一种挑战，也是一种提升。因为《战雷》本身就不是常规的军旅作品，所以需要演员具有超越常规的能力和勇气。徐纪周本人就曾经承认，他的作品有武侠和动漫的因素在里面。其实如果仔细观察的话，徐纪周的军旅剧作不只有武侠和动漫，传统文化的影响也非常重要。可以说，在军旅题材的外表下，徐纪周同样埋了其他艺术及文化的雷。毫无疑问，张博饰演的高等身上具有传统武侠的某些特征，但高等这一角色却不是异人，而是常人。不同于《士兵突击》的许三多，虽然表面憨直但却内在能量十足，经常做出一些让常人惊讶的事情，高等只是一个普通青年被抛进军营里之后的自然反应。同样，也不同于《永不磨灭的番号》中的李大本事天生具有各种超人能力，高等在很多时候表现的既不是英雄，也不是智者，而是一普通的吊丝青年，尽管从身份上讲他多少也算官二代。甚至，他也不是葛二蛋那种水泼不进针扎不入的滚刀肉，尽管他也经常无赖式地抽疯，但这更应该被看作是年轻人的任性与自负。

如果非要说高等的性格特征，那么他既不是义薄云天的乔峰乔大峡，也不是烂好人张无忌，而是像段誉、韦小宝这样有几分灵气有几分运气还有几分淘气的普通人物，靠着不断磨炼，一路打怪升级。或者说，这是一个从男孩成长为男人的故事，对于军营来说，无论是排雷还是斗争，向来都是男人成长的最好环境。高等从一开始人见人恨的淘气包到最后成为成熟的男人，离不开军营这一特殊环境的磨炼。事实上，他在新兵营中的各种恶作剧以及对姜锦的迷恋只是青春期的自然反应，而排雷拆弹的高危环境却使得他迅速成熟。通过《战雷》，张博让我们看到了一个男人的成长历程，同时也让我们领略到他亦正亦谐的多变戏路。或者，我们也可以说，《战雷》让张博与高等一起成长为真正的男人。

谁知道黑金营救片尾曲是啥歌？求助大家～blacklight片尾曲谁唱的～请各位大神指点！搜了半天没找到～拜托大家帮忙。黑金营救片尾曲～剧情一般，歌曲好听！ 谁知道黑金营救片尾曲是啥歌？求助大家～blacklight片尾曲谁唱的～请各位大神指点！搜了半天没找到～拜托大家帮忙。黑金...  (展开)

这篇影评可能有剧透 1999：2022年，恐怖惊悚电影《凝弑 ???????》 这电影名字翻译的挺文艺啊 我觉得直白一点说 不就是【瞪死你】嘛 故事确没有什么新意 基本能预判所有预判 并无惊喜 女主的长相倒是符合咱们的审美 但也并不算出众 反倒是混血小姑娘非常可爱 也很调皮 那两幅...  (展开)

一、多个时空


《纯粹理性批判》中的第一经验类比（Analogies of Experience）要求在现象中有一个恒定且唯一之物来表象意识中的时间本身。恒定，或永恒，因为作为总体的时间本身是始终在那的；惟一，因为只有一个时间。这个惟一且永恒的东西，即现象中的实体（Substance）。康德明确把这个实体与洛克的托子（Substratum）区分开来，认为实体是以各种方式显现于人的，而不是像托子那样不可知，也不显现。

我要说，洛克的托子的作用是保证物的个体化与同一性。这个作用在康德那儿，似乎是由物自体和先验范畴共同完成。先验范畴组织现象，在使意识对现象的认识成为可能的同时，也使同一的意识本身成为可能——对先验对象的构成即对自我的构成。而物自体在这个过程中究竟如何起作用，不详。康德的物自体与洛克的托子一样，是个让理论显得尴尬，却又不得不进行的假设。

尽管康德反复说现象中的实体不是洛克的托子，但这个实体究竟是什么，他又语焉不详。出于他对牛顿力学的接受，有人尝试将其理解为牛顿意义上的质量。我论证过，这样的解读将面临一个两难困境：如果实体是个体化了的质量，时间便不是惟一的；如果实体是现象世界中的总质量，基于二律背反的理由——这个总体无法成为经验对象——我们便无法经验到它。（详细论述见篇末附录）

若是跳出康德阐释，取前一个困境：时间不是惟一的，每个作为现象的物都意味着一个独立的时间体系，我们就科幻了：空间中的一个一个的物，奠基着意识中的一个又一个时间系，我们可以生活在不同的时空中，当我们经验不同的物。甚至，对应地说，我们总在成为另一个人，当我们来到不同的时空。

于是，我情愿把亨利的生活看作对康德的一次失败却有趣的解读。与其说他是一位时间旅行者，一位不停地穿越时空的超人或可怜人，不如说，他的意识中并没有一个绝对惟一的时间，他所来到并离开的每一个时空，都是一个独立自在的世界，尽管这些世界看上去很像，但哪个都不依赖于另一个——从理念的意义上说。


二、沉默，或消失


影片的前半部分，亨利的突然消失被解释为一种不治的遗传疾病。没有理由地，他时不时就去了另一个时空，赤身裸体地寻找可以穿上的衣服。仿佛常人来到一个新的环境，总是迫不及待地寻找一个身份，穿到自己身上。
亨利总会在一个无从预料的时刻消失，克莱尔生活在一个不确定的世界中。她的爱情是确定的，但她爱的人不确定地存在着。她的生活中弥漫着不确定性，而这恰好让她格外珍惜亨利在她身边的每一分钟。

克莱尔一次次怀孕又一次次流产，因为胎儿也有穿越症，莫名其妙地，便在某个时刻，出离了子宫。但克莱尔最后一次怀孕时，对亨利说，你每次消失都是因为感觉到了压力。所以，从现在开始，我要保持绝对地平静，这样胎儿就可以顺利出生了。
看到这里，我恍然大悟，原来亨利的穿越症是个隐喻，关于男人的隐喻：面对压力，便会沉默与回避，这不正是男人的本能反应么——而这在女人看来，仿佛爱人去了另一个时空，不知何时才能回来，甚至，会不会回来。

我查了查，电影改编自一位女造型艺术家的首部小说，写于一段失败的恋情之后。原来如此。

很多年前听到过一个说法：爱情，对男人来说，是挂在墙上的一幅画，你并不总是去看它；但对女人来说，则是房间里音乐，你想不听都不行。所以，男人需要时不时地呆在纯然属于自我的世界里，在沉默中成为自己。女人却要认为这是对她的疏远、对亲密的疏离，并因此而坐立不安，想方设法闯进那份铁一般的沉默。结果，要么把自己撞疼，要么把爱情撞碎。
这是对小儿女情态的描述。若成年点，便会更同情于另一个说法：人生在世，无非是男人讨慰藉，女人讨生活。人并不总是需要慰藉，尤其在得意之时。人却总在生活，就算你不想。


三、看着，却无法改变


在一次穿越中，亨利来到母亲身边，在地铁里，母亲在看报，他们作为陌生人简短却亲切的交谈了一会儿。亨利告诉母亲，他要结婚了，这个女孩让他感到安全。
克莱尔问他：你什么不去阻止那场车祸，既然你可以回到车祸发生之前。“我无法阻止。无数次我回到过去，回到母亲还在的时候，但每次我都无法改变发生着的一切。”——这话让人特别难过。我们并不能改变过去，就像不能重新雕刻一座已然完成的塑像。

不是么？很多时候，我们从自己当下的境遇中抽身而出，试图站在一个更开阔的角度，超脱地看现在的纠结、焦虑，或苦闷，并自嘲这些都没什么的。但当你身在当下，你知道未来的自己就坐在对面，笑着，看着自己，慈悲地。但你还是无法因此脱身而出。你仍然只能呆在你当下的处境中，无论是过分的快乐，还是仿佛无法挣脱的哀伤。

每一个时刻都是三维的，它包含着过去、现在，和未来这三个维度。我们在回忆中编辑时间，编辑自己，有意无意地遗忘一些，并把另一些反复摩挲。过往明明灭灭，像晴天里，随风晃动的百叶窗投在墙上的影子。每次回忆之后，我们都成为另一个人。
未来也是。未来无数次作为想象呈现于当下，各式各样地，仿佛清晰的回忆。回忆与憧憬，如同天平的两臂，对称着，平衡着，在现在这个支点上。所以，现在这个时刻，最重。


四、期限


有天聚会时，亨利中枪后痛苦挣扎的裸体突然出现在他们的门厅里。又消失了。克莱尔说，我从没见过四十岁之后的你。我见过的你总是很年轻。从这个时候起，死亡就成了他们中的另一个在场者，尽管它总是沉默着。

亨利穿越到未来，遇见了自己的已经十岁的女儿。女儿告诉他，他死于自己五岁那年。她们一直很想念他。那时他们的女儿还没出生。那时克莱尔还一如既往地希望与亨利白头偕老，就像她还没长大时那样，就像她长大之后第一次遇到亨利时那样，就像亨利死后，她仍然留着亨利所有的衣服，等着亨利回来那样。

于她而言，亨利是不会死的。他无非是走远了一下子回不来，他无非是在时空中迷了路，找不到一件让他温暖的衣服。

女儿五岁那年，亨利和克莱尔都已知道，亨利即将死去，中弹而死。期限降至，可能在任何一天，任何一个时刻。在它到来之前，所有相聚的时光都是铭刻，都是用最日常的方式来进行的一次祭奠，一次追忆。当这个期限还不确定，他们相爱着，仿佛一对最平凡的恋人；当这个期限已然确定，他们相爱着，装作不知道他们即将分离。

一个期限并不见得让期限到来之前的一切都显得美好。但，美好的东西都有一个期限。确定的期限，或不确定的期限。你不能试图挽留，那会犹如握紧手中的细沙，握得越紧，便流失得越快，宛如时间，从指缝间悄然流走。
这个期限是否到来，何时到来，都不是你能选择的。你能做的，仅仅是在它到来之前的每一刻，不让自己在未来后悔——克莱尔明白这些，并且，她做到了。

而，这不正是人生么。


——————
附录：On Understanding Substance as Mass

Introduction

In the First Analogy of Experience, Kant argues that there must be some permanently persistent substance in the appearances which represents the persistence of time. Given Kant’s endorsement of Newtonian physics, commentators such as Eric Watkins suggest that such permanently persistent substance can be understood as Newtonian mass. In this paper, however, I argue that we face a dilemma when we try to cash out the notion of substance in terms of Newtonian mass.
The paper proceeds in three steps. In the first section, I present the reason why there needs to be a permanently persistent substance in the appearances, and discuss why it seems to be compelling to conceive of the permanently persistent substance as Newtonian Mass. Then, in the second section, I argue that there are (only) two ways of conceiving of the permanently persistent substance as Newtonian mass, namely, to conceive of substance as individuated mass and to conceive of substance as the sum total of mass in the world of appearances. I show that there are textual indications as well as philosophical reasons to support each option. In the third section, however, I argue that both ways suffer from inescapable problems. Thus, conceiving of the permanently persistent substance in terms of Newtonian mass is not viable.

    
Section I. The Permanently Persistent Substance

In this section, I shall first present the reason why Kant thinks that there must be a permanently persistent substance in the appearances. I then discuss why it is compelling to conceive of such substance as Newtonian mass.
In the chapter “System of all principles of pure understanding,” Kant discusses what makes possible the applications of the categories, i.e. the pure concepts of understanding, to objects, i.e. appearances that are given to sensible intuitions. That is, he discusses what it is that makes the categories have objective validity. Kant’s claim is that the applications of the categories are only possible under certain conditions, and these conditions are spelled out by the principles. For instance, the applications of the relational categories (substance-accidents, cause and effect, and mutual interactions) are possible if they are applied to objects according to the principles of Analogies of Experience. In addition to the three specific principles that correspond to each of the three relational categories, Kant also provides a general principle overarching all three Analogies. The general principle is stated in the second edition as follows: “Experience is possible only through the representations of a necessary connection of perceptions” (B 218). Watkins provides a helpful interpretation of this general principle:
“The general idea is that each of the three relational categories represents a necessary connection that is required for experience of a single time and of objects existing and being temporally related to each other within a single time to be possible.” (My emphasis)
Since this paper is focused on the notion of substance in the first Analogy, I shall ignore the second and third Analogies. So I now turn to a close examination of the first Analogy.
The first Analogy, i.e. the principle of the persistence of substance, is stated in the second edition as follows: “In all change of appearances substance persists, and its quantum is neither increased nor diminished in nature.” (B 224) Watkins summarizes Kant’s argument for the first Analogy as follows (which I take to be a correct interpretation):
Premise 1: Appearances, i.e. objects of experience, are made possible by time’s persistence.
Premise 2: We do not perceive time itself.
Therefore, In order to have experience of appearances, there must be some permanent substance in the appearances which can represent time or time’s persistence.
While the appearances, as the objects given to our intuitions, are changing, the substance in appearances always stays the same and is permanent. So, Kant calls the permanent substance “the substratum of everything real” (B 225). But, some clarifications about Kant’s use of the term “substratum” are needed to prevent potential confusions. Substratum in Kant’s text does not mean what Locke uses this term to mean, namely, the bearer of properties which is unchanging and about which we can have no knowledge. For, according to Locke, we can only know what is given to our senses, but since the underlying substratum cannot be given to our senses, we have no access to it and therefore cannot know it.
Kant, by constrast, does not think that there is any Lockean substratum in the world of appearances. For Kant, the fact that the states of the substance are changing and the substance stays the same does not mean the states are separable from the substance. Rather, the changing states of the substance are simply the ways in which the substance is given to us. Thus, we can know the substance, that is, we know the substance through its states. In order to avoid the Lockean implication of the term “substratum,” I shall only use “substance” to refer to the permanently persistent thing in the appearances despite Kant’s own use of “substratum” to talk about what is permanent in the appearances.
Since I have argued that Kant’s notion of substance is not the Lockean substratum, then what is the Kantian notion of substance? We need a positive account of what the substance is. It is obvious that such a permanently persistent thing cannot be captured by ordinary physical objects, no matter whether they are natural objects (say, rocks) or artifacts (say, ships), for neither artifacts nor natural objects always stay the same such that in principle they can never suffer changes. So, it seems no ordinarily construed physical things can be qualified as substance that is permanently persistent. On the other hand, it is very hard to imagine that anything non-physical could play the role the substance is supposed to play. For it is hard to imagine how a non-physical being could be given to our sensible intuition or could be spatiotemporally organized by our a priori intuitions. So, it is unlikely that Kant means something non-physical by “substance.” Thus, there are two constraints on spelling out what substance is. First, it is something physical. Second, as I have shown, the physical being that can be understood as substance cannot be ordinarily individuated physical things such as planet or rock.
In order to meet the above two conditions, Watkins suggests that, given Kant’s commitment to Newtonian science, it is likely that Kant has Newtonian mass in mind when he talks about the substance, since no matter how a physical object changes, its mass always stays the same. Since Newtonian mass is physical and is not an ordinarily individuated object, it seems quite compelling that the substance, which is permanently persistent, just is Newtonian mass. According to common sense, Newtonian mass is understood to be underlying objects such that we cannot directly perceive mass but can only perceive mass through the way it is given to our intuition, namely, through the perception of the objects that have mass. Thus, mass is neither unknowable nor directly perceivable, which seems to fit the description of the substance perfectly.
Moreover, there are many textual indications that suggest the identification of substance with mass. Let me note two examples. First, recall the general principle overarching the three specific Analogies, namely, “In all change of appearances substance persists, and its quantum is neither increased nor diminished in nature.” (B 224) It seems that “quantum” is most naturally to be understood as mass, for mass seems to be the only thing in nature that is neither increased nor diminished on Newtonian physics.
The other indication is Kant’s example to illustrate his claim that “he <a philosopher> thus assumed that as incontrovertible that even in fire the matter (substance) never disappears but rather only suffers an alteration in its form.” (B 288, my emphasis):
“A philosopher was asked: How much does the smoke weigh? He replied: If you take away from the weight of the wood that was burnt the weight of the ashes that are left over, you will have the weight of the smoke.” (B 288)
We can see that here Kant explicitly identifies substance with matter. And it is quite plausible to think that “matter” is just another way of saying “mass”. That is, “mass” seems to be the theoretical analog of the term “matter.” This hypothesis is supported by the example of the weight of smoke. For, in the example, the way to calculate the weight of smoke just is to calculate the mass (multiplies the gravitational constant).
However, despite the compelling reasons for the identification of substance with mass, in the next sections, I shall argue that the substance cannot be understood as Newtonian mass, for when we try to work out the details of understanding the substance as mass, we face an unavoidable dilemma.


Section II. Some Mass or the Sum Total of Mass

In this section, I shall argue that there are two ways of conceiving of substance as Newtonian mass, and then show that both ways have some support from the text and are to some extent philosophically plausible. So, both ways deserve detailed considerations. But, in the next section, I shall argue that both ways face insurmountable problems.
In identifying substance with mass, we need to settle an ambiguity: Is the mass meant to be some mass, say the mass of a rock which is 7 kilograms (a randomly chosen weight), or to be the sum total of mass in the world of appearances which is a very large but nonetheless definite amount? Since both some mass and the sum total of mass are permanently persistent, we cannot tell which way of identifying is more plausible with respect to the permanent persistence of substance. So, we must appeal to some other philosophically and/or textually interesting points to ground a preference in choosing one over the other.
Let us first consider identifying the substance with some or individuated mass. First, the first Analogy is the principle according to which the relational category substance-accident is to be applied. Kant defines accidents to be “the determinations of a substance that are nothing other than particular ways for it to exist.”(B 229) Many commentators interpret the relation to be between object and its properties or states. Thus it makes more sense to think that the mass, which is the underlying bearer of properties, is the individuated mass of some object, instead of the sum total of mass in the world of appearances. For instance, in the example of the weight of smoke, Kant seems to conceive of substance as the matter, i.e. mass, of an individual object. Moreover, if we conceive of substance as the sum total of mass in the world of appearances, it is very hard to imagine how substance can be the bearer of properties or what kind of properties of which substance is the bearer.
One might argue that, on the interpretation according to which substance is the sum total of mass, even though we could imagine no properties of which substance is the bearer, we can still conceive of substance as the bearer of (changing) states, i.e. the successive states of the world of appearances. I reply that Kant cannot accept such an idea because the states of the world are not objects of possible experience, for it is at least empirically true that no one could have the whole world of appearances as his object of experience. I will return to this point later on in the paper and use it to argue that conceiving of substance as the sum total of mass is untenable given Kant’s theoretic commitments.
The above discussion is about reasons to prefer the identification of substance with some mass. I now turn to the reasons to prefer the identifications of substance with the sum total of mass. There are some textual evidences in the first Analogy that suggest this latter identification. For instance, the following passage:
“…here the issue is only appearances in the field of experience, the unity of which would never be possible if we were to allow new things (as far as their substance is concerned) to arise. For then everything would disappear that alone can represent the unity of time, namely the identity of the substratum in which alone all change has its thoroughgoing unity. This persistence is therefore nothing more than the way in which we represent the existence of things (in appearances).” (B 229/A186, my emphasis)
In this passage, Kant seems to identify the permanent persistent substance that represents the persistence of time with the unity of appearances, which seems to be the sum total of mass in the whole world of appearances. Let me argue for my understanding of this passage that it indicates that Kant identifies substance with the sum total of mass. I shall argue by reductio: Suppose Kant identified substance with individuated mass in the above passage. Then, it would make no sense to think that the arising of new substance could make the representation of the unity of time impossible. For the arising of new substance in no sense affects the substance, i.e. the mass, of the original objects. Let me use an example to illustrate. Suppose there is a rock whose mass is 7 kilograms and there arises a new object out of nothing, whose mass is 5 kilograms. Insofar as the rock’s mass remains the same, whether or not there are new masses arising out of nothing does not affect the unity of the rock’s mass, which is 7 kilograms. Therefore, in this passage, Kant conceives of substance as the sum total of mass in the whole world of appearances.
So far I have shown that there are compelling reasons to identify substance with some mass or with the sum total of mass respectively. In the next section, I shall argue that there are also devastating reasons to each identification such that either way we go, we face unsolvable problems.


Section III. One Single Time and the Limit of Possible Experience

I now turn to the problems from which the each identification suffers. In this section, I shall argue that these problems make both identifications untenable. Let us first consider the identification of substance with individuated mass (i.e. some mass). I argue that the reason why individuated mass cannot be identified with substance is that individuated mass cannot represent the oneness of time. Recall Kant’s argument for the principle of the first Analogy: in order to have experiences of objects as temporal, we must identify a permanently persistent substance that can represent time in objects. While the states of the substance change, the substance persists so that the substance can represent time that persists. It is important to notice that time, which is supposed to be represented by substance in appearances, is one single time. But, individuated mass cannot represent one single time. For there are many individuated masses, for instance, the mass of a rock which is 7 kilograms, the mass of a cup which is 0.5 kilogram, and the mass of a table which is 3 kilograms, each of which is permanently persistent and undergoes changes. If one of them can represent time, any other also can. In that case, we do not have one single time. Rather, we have many times or time-series, each of which is persistent.
Let me explain in details why multiply individuated masses cannot represent on single time. If these individuated masses can represent one single time, there must be some one single thing that is shared by these individuated masses that serves to represent the singularity of time. Whatever this shared thing is, it is not any of these individuated masses. Therefore, individuated mass cannot present one single time. However, on the other hand, time has be to singular. Here is a passage in the first Analogy which explains why time has to be one single time rather than a plurality of times:
“Substances (in appearances) are the substrata of all time-determinations. The arising of some of them and the perishing of others would itself remove the sole condition of the empirical unity of time, and the appearances would then be related to two different times, in which existence flowed side by side, which is absurd. For there is only one time, in which all different times must not be placed simultaneously but only one after another.” (B 232/A189)
One might argue that it does not matter how many individuated masses can represent time, it only matters that there is an individuated mass that represents time. Insofar as there is such a substance, which is permanently persistent, it suffices to represent one single time. I reply that, in that case, we still do not know which individuated mass is suppose to be the representer of the one single time in appearances. For there is not reason to think that the mass of one object is more suitable to represent time than the mass of another object is, insofar as both of the individuated masses are permanently persistent. Any choice of one over the other is arbitrary. But the unity or singularity of time is not arbitrary, for there can only be one time-series which persists, and any other time-series or temporal relations are just temporal parts of this unique time-series. Thus, I conclude that individuated mass cannot be the representer of time in appearances.
I now turn to argue that the sum total of mass cannot represent time either. The idea of my argument is to make use of Kant’s solution to the Antinomies to show that the permanently persistent substance that represents time in the appearances cannot be the sum total of mass because the sum total of mass is not an object of possible experience. Let me lay out my argument in detail.
In “The Antinomy of Pure Reason” chapter, Kant presents four pairs of arguments concerning four cosmological ideas about the world-whole, namely, whether there is a beginning of time, whether there is indivisibly simple substance, whether there is a first cause, and whether there is a necessary existent. As Allen W. Wood argues, the four antinomies share a general form, namely, the thesis of each antinomy claims that there must be a first member of the conditioning-conditioned chain, while the antithesis of each antinomy claims that there is no first member of such a chain and that the chain goes back into infinity. Kant argues that there are valid arguments for each of the four theses as well as valid arguments for each of the four antitheses, so we need a solution to such contradictions.
Kant’s solution to the contradictions, as Wood argues, relies on his doctrine of transcendental idealism. As for the first two antinomies, Wood argues
The mathematical antinomies are generated by mathematical principles that apply to things only insofar as they are given in sensible intuition…But these [the first two] series of conditions are never given to intuition as a whole...The theses are false because the principles of possible experience make it impossible for objects corresponding to the cosmological ideas of a first event, a largest extent of the world or a simple substance, ever to be given to intuition.”
Thus, the reason why Kant thinks that the claims made by the theses of the first and second antinomies are false is that neither the beginning of time nor the spatial boundary of the world or an indivisible substance can ever be given to our sensible intuition. If something cannot be given to our sensible intuition, according to Kant, we cannot have experience of it. Let me call this principle the object-of-sensible-intuition principle, namely, if something cannot be given to our sensible intuitions, then it cannot be object of our possible experience. And we can apply this principle to an object to determine whether that object can be object of possible experience. That is, if the object in question can be given to our sensible intuition, then the object can be object of our possible experience, but if the object cannot be given to our sensible intuition, then it cannot be object of our possible experience.
Now, let me apply the object-of-sensible-intuition principle to the idea of the sum total of mass. We can see that the sum total of mass cannot be given to our sensible intuition, so, the sum total of mass cannot be object of our possible experience. For the world of appearances seems to mean the whole universe or cosmos (because everything in the universe stands in causal relations to each other), there is no way for all of the mass in the whole universe to be given to our sensible intuition. Actually, we do not even know whether there are spatial boundaries of the universe, so we do not even know whether the sum total of mass in the all universe is finite. Thus, the sum total of mass cannot be object of possible experience. So, the sum total of mass cannot be that which represents time in appearances. For the reason there must be a permanently persistent substance in appearances which represents time is to make our temporally connected representations of objects possible. But, if the sum total of mass cannot be object of experience, it cannot make our experience of object possible. Thus, the permanently persistent substance in appearances cannot be the sum total of mass.
One might object that in the antinomies, the cosmological ideas at issue are condition-condition series. (B 436/A410) But the sum total of mass is not a series. Rather, it is an aggregate about which the question of conditioning and conditioned does not arise at all. Thus, Kant’s remarks on the antinomies have no bearing on whether the idea of the sum total of mass has any objective validity or significance. Moreover, the first two antinomies concern whether the conditioning-conditioned series go on into infinities. And it seems that it is impossible for us to experience infinity, for no matter what we experience it is finite insofar as we have experienced it. But, the quantum of the sum total of mass seems to be a definite and finite amount. By virtues of what can we claim that the sum total of mass cannot be object of experience? Is this “cannot” an empirical cannot, or an In-Principle cannot? If the answer is the former, the empirical “cannot” does not seem to be strong enough to show that the sum total of mass cannot be experienced, because we cannot know or predict whether in the future empirical sciences and technologies will make the sum total of mass possible object of experience. If the answer is the latter, at least further explanations of why the sum total of mass, which is a finite and definite amount, cannot be object of possible experience in principle are needed.
To the first objection I have two replies. First, in the first antinomy, Kant also discusses whether there is boundary or the largest extent of space. It is not obvious that there is a spatial series in the sense that it is obvious that there is a temporal series in which one moment succeeds its previous moments. However, according to Kant, we can think of the space acquiring its quantum through repeatedly or successively adding spatial units to the previous spatial units. (A 428/B 456) That is, the way of conceiving of space as a spatial series depends on the way of conceiving of time as a temporal series, which is naturally serial. Then, by the same token, we can also think of the sum total of mass acquiring its quantum by successively adding massive units to previous massive units. Thus, if the object-of-sensible-intuition principle applies to the idea of the boundary of space, it should also apply to the idea of the sum total of mass of the whole world of appearances.
Second, the fact that Kant applies the object-of-sensible-intuition-principle to the first two (or three) cosmological ideas to solve the contradictions does not mean that the principle can only be employed to deal with the antinomies. If the principle is applicable to other ideas, we can also use the principle to deal with other ideas. Since the object-of-sensible-intuition principle is derived from transcendental idealism, which is an important element in the whole Critique, there is no reason why the principle cannot be applied to other ideas than cosmological ideas. Thus, it is legitimate to use the object-of-sensible-intuition principle to show that the sum total of mass of whole world of appearances cannot be object of possible experience. So, the sum total of mass cannot be what represents time in appearances.
My reply to the second objection has two steps. First, it needs to be clarified that, although the first two antinomies concern whether the conditioning-conditioned series are infinite, Kant’s solution by the object-of-sensible-intuition principle does not rely on the whether the series are infinite. The principle only concerns whether the things to which the cosmological ideas refer can be given to our sensible intuition. It does not concern whether the things are infinite. It seems true that infinity cannot be object of sensible intuition. But this does not mean that all finite things can be given to our sensible intuition. Actually Kant rejects the claim that all finite things can be given to our sensible intuition. For Kant thinks the thesis of the first antinomy is false, because the beginning of time or the boundary of space cannot be given to our sensible intuition so that it cannot be object of possible experience.
The second step of my reply is to spell out in which sense of “cannot,” the sum total of mass cannot be object of possible experience. It seems to me that the distinction between empirical “cannot” and In-Principle “cannot” is hard to cash out in the context of Critique. For, in the Critique, any legitimate claim to knowledge entails that the object of which the knowledge is can be experienced. Thus, it seems that the empiricality of the “cannot” entails the In-Principality of the “cannot”.
However, concerning the claim that we cannot predict whether in the future empirical sciences and technologies will make the sum total of mass possible object of experience, what would Kant say? Would Kant agree that future sciences and technologies might or could transform a transcendent idea into an idea which refers to object of possible experience? I do not think he would. For Kant thinks his Critique settles metaphysical questions once and for all by theoretical reason, which is static or a-historical. Future discoveries made by sciences and technologies should be able to do no damage to the doctrines in Critique. Moreover, it should be odd to Kant’s ear that progresses made by empirical sciences could have any bearings on the doctrines in the Critique, which he builds up from scratch employing only pure reason, which is absolutely a-historical.
Thus, I conclude that the above arguments show that identifying substance with the sum total of mass in the world of appearance is not tenable. Since I showed earlier in this section that identifying substance with individuated mass is not tenable either, I conclude that the general strategy of identifying substance with mass is untenable.


Section IV. Concluding Remarks

In this paper, I showed that a seemingly very promising way of understanding the permanently persistent substance discussed in the first Analogy, namely, conceiving of substance as Newtonian mass, is untenable. Then, I wonder whether there are other promising ways of providing a positive account of substance or actually it is the case that the notion of substance in the first Analogy is itself untenable. At this stage, maybe I could follow Kant’s stance on the things of themselves, namely, they exist, but we can have no knowledge about the way of their existence. But, at the same time, we need to have this minimal conviction that they exist. Similarly, concerning substance, we can have no knowledge about what the permanently persistent substance is, but we need to have the minimal conviction that it exists in the world of appearances and it serves to represent time.

从第一季到第三季，每个人都有成长 虽然剧情有些狗血，但编剧越编越靠谱了 第一季福斯特蠢到死，被女人玩的团团转，还差点被捅死，第二季把拉拢少数派对抗多数派演绎的比较到位了，到了第三季，基本啥事都能多个心眼了，虽然也被算计了，但是最后因为霍夫曼没有刻意反杀，自己...  (展开)

有些事是需要等到别人来提醒的：
比如，那些小小的得失和悲喜，其实什么都不是。
比如，求不得、爱不到，其实也并没有什么了不起。

这个世界有那么多快乐和精彩等待我们去发现和体验，
但我们却习惯把自己画在圈圈里面，画地为牢，多么可笑。

有一些人，永远对这个世界保持着最大的温暖和柔软在生活，
有一些人，也永远在对这个世界的其他人怀着最大的善意。
不用上升到人性的崇高、或者什么乐观精神，
其实他们不过是安静的在认真生活而已。
坦然的承受、接受、付出。
不愤怒、不大悲大喜、不颓废、更不迷茫。
一切爱恨嗔痴在他们面前都只是显得矫情，
然而他们又不是冷漠，
相反，却时时让你感觉温暖、温情无限。
不狗血，也不煽情。
不深刻，也不说教，更不哭叫呐喊。

然后你就在他们上班、下班、起床、吃饭、睡觉、打扫房间的某个瞬间，发现了自己的歇斯底里和那么多永无止截的欲望和不甘心。
最后领悟我们不过只是需要安静和认真的生活。

    跟许多人不同，我是从第二部首播开始看的。记得第一次知道这部电视剧，只是《南方都市报》上的娱乐版新闻，所的是正在英国取景的故事。当时就被某人饰演的司徒奋仁给迷得七荤八素。不喜欢男人留长发的我，居然第一次看到有这么顺眼的男人留长发。虽然第二部里对山本一夫着墨不多，但我看到后面仍然感叹于他对山本雪的爱，感叹那个“千秋万世，我们要永远在一起的爱情”。当时晚上九点播完后，还在凌晨重播。虽然我要准备中考，但还是一集没拉，看了两遍。搞到我只想看第一部~还好，在第二部首播完毕后，亚视又在深夜重播了一遍~觉得在深夜看第一部特别有味道。

       因为迷上了司徒奋仁，所以我看第一部的时候就特别关注山本一夫和王珍珍的这条线索，希望他们能有比较好的结局，可令我失望的是没有！但仍然没有妨碍他取代司徒奋仁，甚至取代《甜蜜间谍》中李哥哥饰演的江课长，成为我最爱的角色。

       说实话第一部里面对山本一夫这个角色其实着墨并不多，KEN也是四个主角里唯一没有去日本出外景的人了。第一集的前半部分匆匆出场，第二集的惊鸿一瞥后，第七集的迅速闪过后，直到第九集，山本一夫，我更愿意叫他BOSS，才隆重登场。第一个场面就是在电视剧开头见到的，抱着阿雪的尸体抱头痛哭的场景。当时我就在想，一个人，特别是一个男人，如果能想如此付出自己的感情，那么再坏也还有善良的一面了。

       关于BOSS，第一部里戏份实在没有况天佑多，大米让我印象最深刻的仍有这么几个场景：

1,他和况天佑再红西村打斗的场景，那是的他，身为日军少佐，为着自己国家的利益，为这天皇崇高的理想，离开自己挚爱的妻子和女儿，远赴中国，却没想到一个叫”命运“的东西开了一个大大的玩笑；

2.第12集，他看着60年前与阿雪合照时，回忆山本雪临死之时的场景。再坚强的人也有脆弱的一面。回到日本的他，无颜让阿雪看到自己永不苍老的面容，他做到的只有把自己关在房间里整整十年，知道阿雪过分操劳而早逝~他能做到的只有抱着自己妻子的尸体痛哭。痛恨自己的懦弱~原本想让女儿从此不要离开自己，没想到永远失去了他。

3。日东集团的舞会，知道王珍珍是况天佑的女朋友后，他故意吓了个套，让HERMAN勾引王珍珍，好引出况天佑^^却再计划临进行的时候，发现况天佑的女朋友居然长的那么像自己逝去的妻子。

4. 就是第20集的的了：夜深人静时，BOSS一个人坐在窗边，遥望 夜空，走到桌子旁边，取出那副被他是若珍宝的合照。望着照片独自笑；还有跟堂本真吾说话时，谈到王珍珍时候表情都不一样了-- 他孤独的太久了；大街上的相遇，虽然只见过一次面，但王珍珍看到突然停到她面前的轿车，看到那个从车身探出身体的男人时，却没有陌生感，情不自禁的上了车、进而有了两人在通天阁的那次晚餐，更忘不了他隐晦的说出自己身世时那个表情，还有听到珍珍哪句话时候的表情。或许当初跟阿雪说了，就不会这样。

5.重返60年前虹溪村前和珍珍未来的那顿饭。虽然他知道珍珍不是阿雪，但他潜意识已经把他当成了阿雪，希望能在临死之前一家人好好吃饭，重温那久违的回忆。那时的他，表情和说话时那么温柔，一点不像那个孤独的霸主$$他所做的，只想让未来不再恨他，只想带着美好的回忆赴死。

6.从六十年前的虹溪村重返通天阁那时的场景~他没有想到自己辛苦，想让为自己受苦的人得到解脱~得到的是那么个结果~未来也被卷入了时空隧道，回来后，他又一次哭了。

7.24集的几个场面：一个人坐在二楼，靠着栏杆，手上拿着那张合照，耳边回想着六十年前他对未来所作的承诺~还有未来被卷进时空隧道前的呐喊~既然他已经失去了未来，他就不可以失去王珍珍了，几十不想承认，他也早在 潜意识里把她看做了阿雪。这就有着他后来登门再次邀请王珍珍的那个场景，还有跟马小玲的对话。忘不了王珍珍转过头后，他那个神情的眼神~一眨眼，面对马小玲就换成了另一个人。

8。27集最后一段，他独自一人坐在通天阁里等待王珍珍的到来，不知道如果她是自愿来的，BOSS会对她做些什么呢？是把王珍珍变得和自己一样？还是那么静静的看着她？望着眼前这个自己深爱的女人，但理智还是让他把她赶走了~同样是僵尸，况天佑有朋友，他有的知识孤独，只能做的是独自一人看着全家福，独自笑^^

9. 30集，他看着王珍珍自杀以后的那副表情，这勾起了50年前的那个回忆。他做到的只能是哭泣，因为他再次让心爱的女人远离了自己，特别是王珍珍再况天佑怀里那番话，让他对美好的假象彻底失望，那个嚎叫真是三天都忘不了~未来被妙善送回来了~却跟马小玲一起，准备和他同归于尽~此时他能做的只有推开女儿，独自承受马家神龙的攻击~或许他希望自己的死，能还给女儿以平静的生活。

10.就是他复活后~愿意从此不再醒来的他，没想到却被御名十三用自己的血液复活~复活后望着下面一堆僵尸，他却忆起了被自己的女儿和心爱的女人背叛。”这世界上从此没有人为我哭，为我笑，我是一无所有，一无所有”。看到这里我真想安慰他~（HC一下）


同样是僵尸，况天佑有朋友陪伴~而对于他的只有孤独，堂本真武一直在他身边装牛做马伺机报复，女儿恨了自己五十年。拥有了一切后，看到珍珍，却发现自己心上人竟然是别人的女朋友。身为日本首富的他，真是拥有了一切，却丧失了亲情和爱情，变得”一无所有“。虽然他收养了碧加，把她当做未来的替身，把无法用到未来身上的好都用在了她身上。但是真正时刻，他还是向着未来的。

 或许他跟他的名字一样注定孤独%但这赋予了这个角色无比的深度。这是后来的司徒奋仁以完颜不破都没法媲美的~那两个角色都过分善良了。而山本一夫则是游走在一个善与恶，光明与黑暗边缘的人。正如《惊情四百年》中的德考拉伯爵一样，黑暗的魅力是致命的；山本雪，王珍珍，这两个有着一样容貌的女人，让他改变了自己。前者的死让他紧闭心扉，后者的出现让他发现生活中的希望~

但悲剧的是，转了一圈，他能留下的只有那个”无论千秋万世，我们要永远在一起“的誓言，35集的最后，别人都转世了，单单是他没有出现（不是说灵魂可以穿越时空投胎么）~我原来很期待这2个人最后的相遇，但陈十三给了我一个大大的失望。但万年前天勇者跟圣女的那句爱情誓言却成了我最记忆犹新的台词。每一世，不管她是山本雪，王珍珍，或者是岳银瓶，她都是BOSS，天勇者心目中最重要的人。

我羡慕这样的爱情。羡慕王珍珍，或者山本雪，能拥有这样的爱情。希望有一天我也能够等来属于自己的BOSS

神盾局局长爆笑出演，化身知心大哥哥帮助shaft junior追妹。 祖孙三代齐上阵，嘻嘻哈哈屠毒枭 女主有点像瘦版谢依霖 局长哪还用亲自上场，直接喊一句 Avengers Assemble，大事小事全搞定 看之前看这部电影是Action，还以为Shaft Junior能像 Jon Wick一样大打四方呢，没想到是局...  (展开)